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{{Infobox Prime Minister| honorific-prefix = The Right Honourable| name = Tony Blair| honorific-suffix =| image = Blair June 2007.jpg| imagesize = 200px| order =
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom [1997 [2007| monarch = [Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom| predecessor =
John Major| constituency_MP2 = [Sedgefield (UK Parliament constituency)| majority2 = 18,449 (44.5%)| term_start2 =
9 June 1983 [2007| birth_date = | birth_place = [Edinburgh, Scotland| death_date =| death_place =| spouse = [Cherie Blair| party = Labour Party (UK)| relations =| children =| residence =
Connaught Square| occupation = [diplomat| profession =
Barrister| signature = Tony_Blair_signature.png| website =| footnotes =-->Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born [6 May 1953) is a
United Kingdom politician who served as the
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May
1997 to 27 June 2007, the
Labour Party (UK)#Leaders of the Labour Party since 1906 of the
Labour Party (UK) from 1994 to 2007 and the Member of Parliament of
Parliament of the United Kingdom for Sedgefield (UK Parliament constituency) from 1983 to 2007. On the day he stood down as Prime Minister, he was appointed official
diplomat of the Quartet on the Middle East on behalf of the
United Nations, the European Union, the United States and Russia, and stepped down as an
Member of Parliament using a
Chiltern Hundreds.
Tony Blair was elected Leader of the Labour Party in Labour Party (UK) leadership election, 1994 following the sudden death of his predecessor, John Smith (UK politician). Under Blair's leadership the party abandoned many policies that they had held for decades. Labour won a landslide victory in the United Kingdom general election, 1997, which ended 18 years of rule by the
Conservative Party (UK) with the heaviest Conservative defeat since United Kingdom general election, 1832.John Kingdom,
Government and Politics in Britain: An Introduction, Polity Press, 3rd edition (April 2003), p.299, ISBN 978-0745625942
Blair is the Labour Party's longest-serving Prime Minister; the only person to have led the Labour Party to three consecutive United Kingdom general elections victories; and the only Labour Prime Minister to serve consecutive terms more than one of which was at least four years long.
Gordon Brown, Blair's
Chancellor of the Exchequer during his entire ten years in office, succeeded him as Leader of the Labour Party on 24 June
2007 and as Prime Minister on
27 June 2007.
Background and family life
Blair was born at the Queen Mary Maternity Home in Edinburgh,
Scotland on
6 May 1953, the second son of
Leo Blair (senior) and Hazel Blair (
née Corscadden). Leo Blair, the son of two English actors, was adopted by a Glasgow shipyard worker named James Blair and his wife Mary as a baby. Hazel Corscadden was the daughter of George Corscadden, a butcher and
Orangeman who had moved to Glasgow in 1916 but returned to (and died in) Ballyshannon in 1923, where his wife Sarah Margaret neé Lipsett gave birth to Blair's mother Hazel above her family's grocery shop. Ballyshannon Town Council Blair's Orange roots revealed,
Belfast Today, Simon Hunter, 6 March
2007 Interview with
Martin McGuinness,
The Guardian, 14 March 2007 George Corscadden was from a family of
Early Modern Ireland 1536-1691 farmers in
County Donegal,
Ireland, Peace and war (part two),
The reckoning by
Andrew Rawnsley,
The Guardian,
8 April 2007 who descended from
Ulster-Scots settlers who took their name from Garscadden, now part of Glasgow. The Blair family was often taken on holiday to Rossnowlagh, a beach resort near Hazel's hometown of Ballyshannon which is the venue of the main Orange order parade in the Republic of Ireland. An Orange day out in the Republic, Dominic Casciani,
BBC News,
9 July 2001 Tony Blair has one elder brother, William Blair (barrister), who is a barrister and a Queen's Counsel, and a younger sister, Sarah. Blair spent the first 19 months of his life at the family home in Paisley Terrace in the
Willowbrae area of Edinburgh. During this period his father worked as a junior tax inspector whilst also studying for a law degree from the University of Edinburgh. His family spent three and a half years in the 1950s living in Adelaide, Australia, where his father was a lecturer in law at the University of Adelaide. The Blairs lived close to the university, in the suburb of
Dulwich, South Australia.
The family returned to Britain in the late 1950s, living for a time with Hazel Blair's stepfather William McClay and her mother at their home in
Stepps, near Glasgow. He spent the remainder of his childhood in Durham, England, his father being by then a lecturer at
Durham University. After attending Durham's Chorister School from 1961 to 1966,http://www.thechoristerschool.com/alumni/rollcall.php Blair boarded at Fettes College, a notable independent school in Edinburgh, where he met Charles Falconer, Baron Falconer of Thoroton (a pupil at the rival
Edinburgh Academy), whom he later appointed Lord Chancellor. He reportedly modelled himself on
Mick Jagger.Victoria Powell, "Tony Blair absolutely modelled himself on Mick Jagger",
The Guardian, January 6, 2006 His teachers were unimpressed with him: his biographer, John Rentoul reported that "All the teachers I spoke to when researching the book said he was a complete pain in the backside, and they were very glad to see the back of him."http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1114&id=841072004 Blair was arrested at Fettes, having being mistaken for a burglar as he climbed into his dormitory using a ladder, after being out late.
QCAfter Fettes, Blair spent a year in London, where he attempted to find fame as a rock music promoter, before going up to the
University of Oxford to
reading (for degree) jurisprudence at
St John's College, Oxford. As a student, he played
guitar and sang for a
rock band called Ugly Rumours (band). During this time, he dated future
American Psycho director
Mary Harron.{{cite web], Blair became a member of
Lincoln's Inn, enrolled as a pupil barrister and met his future wife, Cherie Blair (daughter of the actor Antony Booth) at the
Chambers (law) founded by
Derry Irvine, Baron Irvine of Lairg (who was to be Blair's first Lord Chancellor), 11 King's Bench Walk Chambers. His biographer Rentoul records that, according to his lawyer friends, Blair was much less concerned about which party he was affiliated with than about his aim of becoming Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Blair married Booth, a practising
Roman Catholic Church and future
Queen's Counsel, on
29 March 1980. They have four children (
Euan Blair,
Nicky Blair, Kathryn Blair and Leo Blair). Leo (born
20 May 2000) was the first legitimate child born to a serving Prime Minister in over 150 years, since Francis Russell was born to John Russell, 1st Earl Russell on
11 July 1849.
Although the Blairs stated that they had wished to shield their children from the media, Euan and Nicky's education was a cause of political controversy. They both attended the Roman Catholic London Oratory School, criticised by left-wingers for its selection procedures, instead of a poorly-performing Roman Catholic school in Labour-controlled London Borough of Islington, where they then lived, in Richmond Avenue. There was further criticism when it was revealed that Euan received private coaching from staff from
Westminster School.
Early political career
Blair joined the Labour Party (UK) shortly after graduating from Oxford in 1975. During the early 1980s, he was involved in Labour politics in
Hackney South and Shoreditch (UK Parliament constituency), where he aligned himself with the "
soft left" of the party. He unsuccessfully attempted to secure selection as a candidate for London Borough of Hackney. Through his
father-in-law, the actor
Anthony Booth, he contacted Labour MP
Tom Pendry to ask for help in pursuing a Parliamentary career. Pendry gave him a tour of the House of Commons and advised him to stand for selection as a candidate in the forthcoming by-election in the safe
Conservative Party (UK) seat of
Beaconsfield (UK Parliament constituency), where Pendry knew a senior member of the local party. Blair was chosen as the candidate; at the Beaconsfield by-election, 1982 he won only 10% of the vote and lost his deposit, but he impressed Labour Party leader
Michael Foot and acquired a profile within the party. In contrast to his later centrism, Blair described himself in this period as a Socialism. A letter that he wrote to Foot in July 1982, eventually published in June 2006, gives an indication of his outlook at this time.
In 1983 Blair found that the newly created constituency of Sedgefield (UK Parliament constituency), a notionally safe Labour seat near where he had grown up in
Durham, had no Labour candidate. Several sitting MPs displaced by boundary changes were interested in securing selection to fight the seat. He found a branch that had not made a nomination and arranged to visit them. With the crucial support of
John Burton (Political Agent), he won their endorsement; at the last minute he was added to the shortlist and won the selection over displaced sitting MP Les Huckfield. Burton later became his agent and one of his most trusted and longest-standing allies.
Blair's election literature in the United Kingdom general election, 1983 endorsed left-wing policies that the Labour Party advocated in the early 1980s. He called for Britain to leave the
European Union, though he had told his selection conference that he personally favoured continuing membership. He also supported
Nuclear disarmament as a member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Blair was helped on the campaign trail by soap opera actress
Pat Phoenix, his father-in-law's girlfriend. Tony Blair was elected as MP for Sedgefield, despite the party's national landslide defeat.
Blair stated in his
maiden speech in the House of Commons on 6 July 1983: "I am a socialist not through reading a textbook that has caught my intellectual fancy, nor through unthinking tradition, but because I believe that, at its best, socialism corresponds most closely to an existence that is both rational and moral. It stands for cooperation, not confrontation; for fellowship, not fear. It stands for equality". The Labour Party is declared in its constitution to be a
Democratic socialism party, rather than a
social democratic party—Blair himself organized this declaration of Labour to be a
Socialist Party when he dealt with the change to the party's
Clause IV in their constitution.
In opposition
Once elected, Blair's ascent was rapid, and he received his first front bench appointment in 1984 as assistant Treasury spokesman. In May 1985 he appeared on BBC's
Question Time arguing that the Conservative Government's Public Order White Paper was a threat to civil liberties.http://open.bbc.co.uk/catalogue/infax/programme/LCAQ520E BBC Archive]Blair demanded an inquiry into the
Bank of England's decision to rescue the collapsed Johnson Matthey Bank in
1985, and embarrassed the government by finding a European Economic Community report critical of British economic policy that had been countersigned by a member of the Conservative government. By this time Blair was aligned with the reforming tendencies in the party, headed by leader
Neil Kinnock, and was promoted after the
United Kingdom general election, 1987 to the shadow Trade and Industry team as spokesman on the
City of London. In 1987, he stood for election to the
Shadow Cabinet, with a good show of 77 votes.
After the Black Monday (1987), Blair raised his profile further when he castigated City traders as "incompetent" and "morally dubious," and criticised poor service for small investors at the London Stock Exchange. In 1988 Blair entered the Shadow Cabinet as
Shadow Secretary of State for Energy and the following year he became Shadow Employment Secretary. In this post he realised that the Labour Party's support for the emerging European "Social Charter" policies on
Labour and employment law meant dropping the party's traditional support for closed shop arrangements, whereby employers required all their employees to be members of a
trade union. He announced this change in December 1989, outraging the left wing of the Labour Party. As a young and telegenic Shadow Cabinet member, Blair was given prominence by the party's
Director of Communications, Peter Mandelson. He gave his first major platform speech at the 1990
Labour Party (UK) Conference.
In the run-up to the United Kingdom general election, 1992, Blair worked to modernise Labour's image. He had responsibility for developing the controversial minimum wage policy.
When Neil Kinnock resigned as party leader after Labour's fourth successive electoral defeat, Blair became
Shadow Home Secretary under John Smith (UK politician). The Labour Party at this time was widely perceived as weak on crime and Blair worked to change this, accepting that the prison population might have to rise, and bemoaning the loss of a sense of community, which he was prepared to blame (at least partly) on "1960s liberalism". On the other hand, he spoke in support of equalising the age of consent for gay sex at 16, and opposed
capital punishment. He defined his policy, in a phrase coined by
Gordon Brown, as "Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime".
In 1993, while still Shadow Home Secretary, Blair attended the annual invitation-only
Bilderberg conference.
John Smith died suddenly in 1994 of a myocardial infarction. Blair beat John Prescott and
Margaret Beckett in the Labour Party (UK) leadership election, 1994. After becoming Leader of the Opposition (UK), Blair was, as is customary for the holder of that office, appointed a Privy Council of the United Kingdom, which permitted him to be Style (manner of address) with the style "
The Right Honourable".
Leader of the Labour Party
manifesto Blair announced at the end of his speech at the 1994 Labour Party conference that he intended to replace Clause IV of the party's constitution with a new statement of aims and values. This involved the deletion of the party's stated commitment to 'the common ownership of the
means of production and exchange', which was widely interpreted as referring to wholesale nationalization. The clause was replaced by a statement that the party is one of
democratic socialism. A special conference approved this highly symbolic change in April 1995.
Blair also revised party policy in a manner that enhanced the image of Labour as competent and modern using the term "New Labour" to distinguish the party from its past. Although the transformation aroused much criticism (its alleged superficiality drawing fire both from political opponents and traditionalists within the "rank and file" of his own party), it was nevertheless successful in changing public perception. At the 1996 Labour Party conference, Blair stated that his three top priorities on coming to office were "education, education and education".Aided by the unpopularity of John Major's Conservative government (itself deeply divided over the European Union), "New Labour" won a landslide victory in the United Kingdom general election, 1997 with Blair the youngest person to attain the office of Prime Minister since
Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool in 1812.
Blair as Prime Minister
Blair became the
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on
2 May 1997, serving concurrently as the
First Lord of the Treasury, the
Minister for the Civil Service, the Labour Party (UK), and
Member of Parliament for the constituency of
Sedgefield (UK Parliament constituency) in the
North East England of
England and a Privy Council of the United Kingdom. With victories in 1997,
United Kingdom general election, 2001, and 2005, Blair was the Labour Party's longest-serving prime minister, the only person to lead the party to three consecutive general election victories. in 1998Blair is both credited with and criticised for moving the Labour Party towards the
Political centre of British politics, using the term "Labour Party (UK)#New Labour" to distinguish his pro-
free market policies from the more Collectivism policies which the party had espoused in the past.
In domestic government policy, Blair significantly increased
Public finance on health and education while also introducing controversial market-based reforms in these areas. Blair's tenure also saw the introduction of a National Minimum Wage, tuition fees for higher education, and Constitutional amendment such as devolution in
Scotland and
Wales. The British economy performed well, and Blair kept to Conservative commitments not to increase income tax, although he did introduce a large number of subtle tax increases referred to as stealth taxes by his opponents.
His contribution towards assisting the Northern Ireland Peace Process by helping to negotiate the Good Friday Agreement after 30 years of conflict was widely recognised.BBC News Archive, "1998: Northern Ireland peace deal reached"Philip Stephens, "Blair’s remarkable record",
Financial Times, May 10, 2007From the start of the
War on Terror in 2001, Blair strongly supported
Foreign relations of the United States, notably by participating in the invasions of
War in Afghanistan (2001–present) in 2001 and 2003 invasion of Iraq in 2003. He encountered fierce criticism as a result, over the policy itself and the circumstances in which it was decided upon, especially his claims that Iraq was developing weapons of mass destruction (which have not been discovered in Iraq). For his unwavering support in the security of the United States, Mr. Blair was honored with the Congressional Medal of Honor on July 18th, 2003.
Following pressure from the Labour Party, on
7 September 2006 Blair publicly stated he would step down as party leader by the time of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) conference which was held from
10 September 2007 – 13 September 2007, having promised to serve a full term during the previous general election campaign.
Relationship with Parliament
Blair changed Parliamentary procedures significantly. One of his first acts as Prime Minister was to replace the then twice-weekly 15 minute sessions of
Prime Minister's Questions, held on a Tuesday and Thursday, with a single 30 minute session on a Wednesday. This reform was said to have led to greater efficiency, but critics have noted that it is easier to prepare for one long set of questions than for two shorter sessions. In addition to PMQ's, Blair held monthly press conferences, at which he fielded questions from journalists.
Other procedural reforms included changing the official times for Parliamentary sessions in order to have Parliament operate in a more business-like manner.
Resignation
On
10 May 2007, Blair announced during a speech at the Trimdon Labour Club in his Sedgefield (UK Parliament constituency) constituency his intention to resign as both Labour Party leader and Prime Minister the following June. On June 24 he formally handed over the leadership of the Labour Party to
Gordon Brown at a special party conference in
Manchester. Blair tendered his resignation as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to the Queen on 27 June
2007, his successor Gordon Brown assuming office the same afternoon. He also resigned his seat in the House of Commons in the traditional form of accepting the Stewardship of the
Chiltern Hundreds to which he was appointed by Gordon Brown in one of the latter's last acts as Chancellor of the Exchequer. (It is impossible to resign from the UK Parliament, so this device is used for MPs wishing to step down.)
The resulting Sedgefield by-election, 2007 was won by Labour's candidate,
Phil Wilson (politician). Blair has not to date issued a list of
Resignation Honours; it has been suggested that the list was delayed because of the Cash for Honours investigation by the police. However, that investigation has now ended and no list has been produced; should Blair choose not to issue one he will be the first Prime Minister of the modern era not to do so. Blair misses deadline for resignation honours
The Guardian, 22 June 2007
Post Prime Ministerial career
On
27 June,
2007, after he officially resigned as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after ten years in office, Tony Blair was officially confirmed as
Middle East Diplomacy for the United Nations,
European Union,
United States and Russia. Blair originally indicated that he would retain his parliamentary seat after his resignation as Prime Minister came into effect; however, he left the Commons on being confirmed for the Middle East role. BBC News web site, retrieved 20:50 BST, 26 June 2007
President George W. Bush had preliminary talks with Blair to ask him to take up the envoy role. White House sources stated that "both Israel and the Palestinians had signed up to the proposal."
Blair in the media
Tony Blair is acknowledged by most to be a highly skilful media performer who comes over as charismatic, informal and articulate. A few months after becoming Prime Minister he gave a tribute to
Diana, Princess of Wales on the morning of her death in August 1997, in which he famously described her as "the People's Princess".
After taking office in 1997, Blair gave particular prominence to his press secretary, who became known as the
Prime Minister's Official Spokesman (the two roles have since been separated). Blair's first PMOS was Alastair Campbell, who served in that role from May 1997 to 8 June 2001, after which he served as the Prime Minister's Director of Communications and Strategy until his resignation on
29 August 2003 in the aftermath of the Hutton Inquiry. Campbell acquired a reputation as a sinister and Machiavellian figure, and both Blair and Campbell have frequently been criticised or satire for their allegedly excessive use of "spin" and
Managing the news techniques (see below under
Criticism).
Blair and Gordon Brown
After the death of
John Smith (UK politician) in 1994, both Blair and
Gordon Brown were viewed as possible candidates for the leadership of the Labour Party. They had agreed that they would not stand against each other, and Brown had previously been considered to be the more senior of the two men and he understood this to mean that Blair would give way to him. It soon became apparent, however, that Blair had greater public support.A MORI
opinion poll published in the
The Sunday Times (UK) on 15 May found that among the general public, Blair had the support of 32%, John Prescott, 19%, Margaret Beckett 14%, Gordon Brown 9%, and Robin Cook 5%. This gave rise to the alleged Blair-Brown deal. At certain times, Deputy Prime Minister
John Prescott has reportedly acted as their "marriage guidance counsellor".
Blair's religious faith
Blair has rarely discussed his
Faith in public, but he is often identified as an
Anglo-Catholic—that is, a member of the
high church branch of the
Church of England, sympathetic to the beliefs and practices of the
Roman Catholic Church. His wife Cherie Blair is a practising Roman Catholic, and Blair has attended Catholic Masses at
Westminster Cathedral, while on holiday in Italy, and with his family at Number 10 Downing Street. In 1996, he was reprimanded by
Basil Cardinal Hume for receiving Holy Communion at Mass despite not being a Roman Catholic, a contravention of Catholic Canon Law.Alexander Chancellor, "Blair doesn't need intermediaries to communicate with God. So why does he want to become a Catholic?",
The Guardian, Friday May 18, 2007 More recently, biographers and journalists have reported that Blair declared himself a Roman Catholic after leaving Downing Street, without undertaking a formal course of instruction from a Catholic priest. He informed Pope Benedict XVI on June 23
2007 that he wants to become Catholic. The Pope and his advisors criticized some of Blair's political actions, but followed up with a reportedly unprecedented red-carpet welcome that included
Archbishop of Westminster Cormac Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor, who will be responsible for Blair's
Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults.Francis Beckett and David Hencke,
The Blairs and Their Court, 2004, Aurum Press Ltd, ISBN 978-1845130244Francis Beckett and David Hencke,
The Survivor: Tony Blair in War and Peace, 2005, Aurum Press Ltd, ISBN 978-1845131104Francis Beckett and David Hencke, "Regular at mass, communion from Pope. So why is Blair evasive about his faith?",
The Guardian, September 28 2004Ruth Gledhill, Jeremy Austin and Philip Webster, "Blair will be welcomed into Catholic fold via his 'baptism of desire'",
The Times, May 17 2007John Hooper, "Blair tells Pope: Now I'm ready to become a Catholic",
The Guardian, Sunday June 24, 2007
In an interview with Michael Parkinson broadcast on
ITV1 on 4 March
2006, Blair referred to the role of his Christianity in his decision to go to war in Iraq, stating that he had
prayer about the issue, and saying that God would judge him for his decision:
"I think if you have faith about these things, you realise that judgement is made by other people … and if you believe in God, it's made by God as well."A longer exploration of his faith can be found in an interview he did with
Third Way Magazine. He says there that 'I was brought up as Christian, but I was not in any real sense a practising one until I went to Oxford. There was an Australian priest at the same college as me who got me interested again. In a sense, it was a rediscovery of religion as something living, that was about the world around me rather than some sort of special one-to-one relationship with a remote Being on high. Suddenly I began to see its social relevance. I began to make sense of the world'.http://www.thirdway.org.uk/past/showpage.asp?page=43 The death of Blair's mother Hazel in 1975 is said to have greatly affected him and prompted his renewed spiritual commitment whilst at Oxford.
These comments prompted a number of questions on Blair's faith. At one point
Alastair Campbell, Blair's director of strategy and communications, intervened in an interview, preventing the Prime Minister from answering a question about his Christianity, explaining, "We don't do God". Campbell interrupted Blair as he spoke of his faith: 'We don't do God',
The Daily Telegraph, 3 May 2003
Political overview
The Labour Party is historically a socialism political party. In 2001, Tony Blair said, "We are a
left of centre party, pursuing economic prosperity and social justice as partners and not as opposites".Polly Toynbee, Michael White and Patrick Wintour "We're a left-of-centre party pursuing prosperity and social justice",
The Guardian, September 11, 2001Blair has rarely applied such labels to himself, but he promised before the 1997 election that New Labour would govern "from the radical centre", and according to one lifelong Labour Party member, has always described himself as a
Social democracy. "The Death of Socialism", May 17, 2007 However, Labour Party backbenchers and other left wing critics typically place Blair to the right of centre.Neal Lawson, "A decade of Blair has left the Labour party on its knees",
The Guardian, April 19, 2007 A YouGov opinion poll in 2005 also found that a small majority of British voters, including many New Labour supporters, place Blair on the right of the political spectrum.YouGov UK Polling Report,
Left vs Right, September 23, 2005Peter Kellner, "What's left of the Labour leader?",
New Stateman, October 28, 2002 The Financial Times on the other hand has argued that Blair is not conservative, but instead a
populist. "Why Blair was no conservative",
Financial Times, May 18, 2007
Critics and admirers tend to agree that Blair's electoral success was based on his ability to occupy the centre ground and appeal to voters across the political spectrum, to the extent that he has been fundamentally at odds with traditional Labour Party values.Steve Richards, "Blair the politician: A conjuror who lost touch with his party",
The Belfast Telegraph, May 11, 2007 Some left wing critics have argued that Blair has overseen the final stage of a long term shift of the Labour Party to the right, and that very little now remains of a Labour Left.Mike Marquesee, "Labour's long march to the right",
International Socialism, Issue 91, Summer 2001Charlie Kimber, "Can the left reclaim the Labour Party?",
Socialist Worker, August 2, 2002 There is also evidence that Blair's long term dominance of the centre has forced his Conservative opponents to shift a long distance to the left, in order to challenge his hegemony there.Mark Rice-Oxley, "Tony Blair's decade of peace and war",
The Christian Science Monitor, May 11, 2007Alan Cowell, "Tory leader urges British opposition to stake out 'center ground'",
International Herald Tribune, October 1, 2006
Blair has raised taxes; implemented redistributive policies; introduced a minimum wage and some new employment rights (while keeping Margaret Thatcher's trade union legislation); introduced significant constitutional reforms (which remain incomplete and controversial); promoted new rights for gay people in the Civil Partnership Act 2004; and signed treaties integrating Britain more closely with the EU. He introduced substantial
Market economy reforms in the education and health sectors; introduced student tuition fees (also controversial); sought to reduce certain categories of welfare payments; and introduced tough
Counter-terrorism and Identity document legislation.
Criticism
Tony Blair has been criticised for his alliance with U.S. President
George W. Bush and his policies in the Middle East, including the
Iraq War, the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict and the
Israeli-Palestinian conflict.Peter Watt, "The 'Complex' Issue of 'Humanitarian' Intervention", ZNet, August 06, 2006 Blair is also criticised for an alleged tendency to
Spin (political) important information in a way that can be misleading. "Blair's spin is the porn of politics, says Major",
The Telegraph, October 24, 2003 Blair is the first ever Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to have been formally questioned by police officers whilst in office, although he was not
under caution when interviewed. "Blair questioned in honours probe",
BBC News, December 14, 2006
Critics also regard Tony Blair as having eroded
civil liberties and increased social authoritarianism, by increasing police powers, in the form of more arrestable offences, DNA recording, and the issuing of dispersal orders.Jon Silverman, Legal affairs analyst, "Blair's new look civil liberties",
BBC News, May 14, 2007
Presidentialism
Blair was sometimes perceived as paying insufficient attention both to the views of his own Cabinet colleagues and to those of the
British House of Commons.Ian Kershaw, "How will history judge Blair?", BBC News, May 10, 2007. His style was sometimes criticised as not that of a prime minister and head of government, which he was, but of a president and Head of State, which he was not.Timothy Garton Ash, "President Blair : Americans love our leader but may cause his downfall",
The Guardian, July 24, 2003
Relationship with the United States
shake hands after their press conference in the East Room of the White House on
12 November 2004.Along with enjoying a close relationship with Bill Clinton during the latter's time in office, Blair has formed a strong political alliance with
George W. Bush, particularly in the area of foreign policy. At one point, Nelson Mandela described Blair as "the U.S. foreign minister". Blair has also often openly been referred to as "Bush's poodle." Kendall Myers, a senior analyst at the
United States Department of State, reportedly said that he felt "a little ashamed" of Bush's treatment of the Prime Minister and that his attempts to influence
Federal government of the United States policy were typically ignored—"It was a done deal from the beginning, it was a one-sided relationship that was entered into with open eyes... There was nothing, no payback, no sense of reciprocity".
For his part, Bush has lauded Blair and the UK. In his post-
September 11, 2001 attacks speech, for example, he stated that "America has no truer friend than Great Britain". President Declares "Freedom at War with Fear"
The alliance between Bush and Blair has seriously damaged Blair's standing in the eyes of many Britons. Guardian/ICM poll finds strong public opposition to Tony Blair's close working relationship with President Bush Blair has argued it is in Britain's interest to "protect and strengthen the bond" with the United States regardless of who is in the White House.
Relationship with other European nations
Blair played a key role in extending the membership of the European Union from 15 to 27 states, and worked to ensure that free-market values were adopted.Anthony Seldon, "How will history judge Blair?", BBC News, May 10, 2007.
Blair forged allegiances with several conservative European leaders, including
Silvio Berlusconi of Italy,BBC News, "Blair attacked over right-wing EU links", 15 March, 2002
Angela Merkel of
GermanyEd Vulliamy, "By their friends shall we know the Sultans of Bling : Blair's relationships with Berlusconi, Bush and Murdoch have defined his premiership. Now Merkel is to join the trio",
The Guardian, October 27, 2005 and more recently Nicolas Sarkozy of
France.Martin Kettle, "Why Ségo and Sarko have transfixed the British left",
The Guardian, April 28, 2007
Relationship with Rupert Murdoch
Tony Blair's close relationship with
Rupert Murdoch and the unprecedented support which he received from Murdoch's global media empire has also been the subject of much criticism.Gaby Hinsliff, "The PM, the mogul and the secret agenda",
The Observer, July 23, 2006Michael White, "Blair risks 'poodle' jibes to join Murdoch's jamboree",
The Guardian, July 29, 2006
Middle East policy and links with Israel
One of Blair's first actions in joining the Labour Party was to join
Labour Friends of Israel. In 1994, a friend and former colleague of Blair at
11 King's Bench Walk Chambers,
Eldred Tabachnik,
Q.C. (one time president of the
Board of Deputies of British Jews) introduced Blair to
Michael Levy, Baron Levy, a pop music mogul and major fundraiser for Jewish and Israeli causes, at a dinner party hosted by the Israeli diplomat Gideon Meir. Blair and Levy soon became close friends and
tennis partners. Levy ran the Labour Leader's Office Fund to finance Blair's campaign before the 1997 General Election and received substantial contributions from such figures as
Alex Bernstein and Robert Gavron, both of whom were ennobled by Blair after he came to power. Levy was created a
life peer by Blair in 1997, and in 2002, just prior to the Iraq War, Blair appointed Levy as his personal envoy to the
Middle East. Levy has praised Blair for his "solid and committed support of the State of Israel" Jewish Care, Fundraising Dinner 2006 and has been described himself as "a leading international Zionist". In 2004, Blair was heavily criticised by 50 former diplomats, including ambassadors to
Baghdad and Tel Aviv for his policy on the
Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Iraq War. They stated they had "
watched with deepening concern" at Britain following the U.S. into war in Iraq in 2003 also stating, "
We feel the time has come to make our anxieties public, in the hope that they will be addressed in parliament and will lead to a fundamental reassessment," and asked Blair to exert "
real influence as a loyal ally". The ambassadors also accused the allies of having "
no effective plan" for the aftermath of the invasion of Iraq and the apparent disregard for the lives of Iraqi civilians. The diplomats also criticised Blair for his support for the
Road map for peace which included the retaining of Israeli settlement on the
West Bank stating, "
Our dismay at this backward step is heightened by the fact that you yourself seem to have endorsed it, abandoning the principles which for nearly four decades have guided international efforts to restore peace in the Holy Land". Diplomats attack Blair's Israel policy, Guardian Unlimited,
Matthew Tempest,
April 26,
2004In 2006, Blair was heavily criticised for his failure to call for a ceasefire in the
2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, with members of his
cabinet openly criticising Israel.
Jack Straw (politician), the Leader of the House of Commons and former
Foreign Secretary stated that Israel's actions risked destabilising all of Lebanon. Kim Howells, a minister in the Foreign Office, stated that it was "
very difficult to understand the kind of military tactics used by Israel", "
These are not surgical strikes but have instead caused death and misery amongst innocent civilians.". The Observer newspaper claimed that at a cabinet meeting before Blair left for a summit with President George Bush on 28 July 2006, a significant number of ministers pressured Blair to publicly criticise Israel over the scale of deaths and destruction in Lebanon. Cabinet in open revolt over Blair's Israel policy,
The Observer, 30 July 2006
Relationship with Labour Party
Blair's apparent refusal to set a date for his departure was criticised by the British press and Members of Parliament. It has been reported that a number of cabinet ministers believed that Blair's timely departure from office would be required to be able to win a fourth election. Some ministers viewed Blair's announcement of policy initiatives in September 2006 as an attempt to draw attention away from these issues. Upon his return from his holiday in
Caribbean he announced that all the speculation about his leaving must stop. This stirred not only his traditional critics but also traditional party loyalists.
While the Blair government has introduced social policies supported by the left of the Labour Party, such as the
minimum wage and measures to reduce Poverty, Blair is seen on economic and management issues as being to the right of much of the party. A possible comparison may be made with United States of America Democratic Party (United States) such as Joe Lieberman, who have been accused by their party's "base" of adopting their opponents' political stances. Some critics describe Blair as a reconstructed
neoconservative or Margaret Thatcher. He is occasionally described as "Son of Thatcher", though
Margaret Thatcher herself rejected this identification in an interview with ITV1 on the night of the
UK general election, 2005, saying that in her opinion the resemblances were superficial. Blair himself has often expressed admiration for Thatcher. Life without Margaret Thatcher, Didcock, Barry,
The Sunday Herald, February 13 2005
Approval rating
In May 2006,
The Daily Telegraph reported that Blair's personal approval rating had dipped to 26%, lower than Harold Wilson's rating after devaluation of the pound and
James Callaghan's during the
Winter of Discontent, meaning that Blair had become the most unpopular post-war Labour Prime Minister. Of all post-war List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom of both parties, only Margaret Thatcher and
John Major have recorded lower approval (the former in the aftermath of the
Poll Tax Riots). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/05/10/nlab10.xml Previously Blair had achieved the highest approval ratings of any British Prime Minister or party leader of either party in the months following his election in 1997. Two months later, in July 2006, Blair's approval rating hit a further low of 23%, the lowest rating he ever received. Blair is not however the most unpopular post-war Labour Party leader, with Michael Foot recording 13% approval in August 1982, although Foot was merely Leader of the Opposition at the time, rather than Prime Minister. No other Labour leader other than Foot, whether in office or opposition, has recorded lower approval than Blair. Blair's approval rating during the final month of his premiership was 35%. Hence, he left office having experienced the extremes of being both the most popular and least popular Labour Prime Minister since the
Second World War.http://www.ipsos-mori.com/polls/trends/satisfac.shtml
Titles and honours
Styles from birth
- Anthony Charles Lynton Blair, (1953–1983)
- Anthony Charles Lynton Blair, Esquire#United Kingdom, MP (1983–1994)
- The Right Honourable Anthony Charles Lynton Blair, MP (1994–2007)
- The Rt Hon Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (2007–)
Honours
- Privy Council of the United Kingdom (1994)
Portrayals
- Michael Sheen has portrayed Blair twice in the films The Deal (2003 film) (2003) and The Queen (film) (2006).
- Tony Blair made a cameo appearance as himself
{{Infobox Prime Minister| honorific-prefix = The Right Honourable| name = Tony Blair| honorific-suffix =| image = Blair June 2007.jpg| imagesize = 200px| order = Prime Minister of the United Kingdom [1997 [2007| monarch = [Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom| predecessor = John Major| constituency_MP2 = [Sedgefield (UK Parliament constituency)| majority2 = 18,449 (44.5%)| term_start2 = 9 June 1983 [2007| birth_date = | birth_place = [Edinburgh, Scotland| death_date =| death_place =| spouse = [Cherie Blair| party = Labour Party (UK)| relations =| children =| residence = Connaught Square| occupation = [diplomat| profession = Barrister| signature = Tony_Blair_signature.png| website =| footnotes =-->Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born [6 May 1953) is a United Kingdom politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007, the Labour Party (UK)#Leaders of the Labour Party since 1906 of the Labour Party (UK) from 1994 to 2007 and the Member of Parliament of Parliament of the United Kingdom for Sedgefield (UK Parliament constituency) from 1983 to 2007. On the day he stood down as Prime Minister, he was appointed official diplomat of the Quartet on the Middle East on behalf of the United Nations, the European Union, the United States and Russia, and stepped down as an Member of Parliament using a Chiltern Hundreds.
Tony Blair was elected Leader of the Labour Party in Labour Party (UK) leadership election, 1994 following the sudden death of his predecessor, John Smith (UK politician). Under Blair's leadership the party abandoned many policies that they had held for decades. Labour won a landslide victory in the United Kingdom general election, 1997, which ended 18 years of rule by the Conservative Party (UK) with the heaviest Conservative defeat since United Kingdom general election, 1832.John Kingdom, Government and Politics in Britain: An Introduction, Polity Press, 3rd edition (April 2003), p.299, ISBN 978-0745625942
Blair is the Labour Party's longest-serving Prime Minister; the only person to have led the Labour Party to three consecutive United Kingdom general elections victories; and the only Labour Prime Minister to serve consecutive terms more than one of which was at least four years long.
Gordon Brown, Blair's Chancellor of the Exchequer during his entire ten years in office, succeeded him as Leader of the Labour Party on 24 June 2007 and as Prime Minister on 27 June 2007.
Background and family life
Blair was born at the Queen Mary Maternity Home in Edinburgh, Scotland on 6 May 1953, the second son of Leo Blair (senior) and Hazel Blair (née Corscadden). Leo Blair, the son of two English actors, was adopted by a Glasgow shipyard worker named James Blair and his wife Mary as a baby. Hazel Corscadden was the daughter of George Corscadden, a butcher and Orangeman who had moved to Glasgow in 1916 but returned to (and died in) Ballyshannon in 1923, where his wife Sarah Margaret neé Lipsett gave birth to Blair's mother Hazel above her family's grocery shop. Ballyshannon Town Council Blair's Orange roots revealed, Belfast Today, Simon Hunter, 6 March 2007 Interview with Martin McGuinness, The Guardian, 14 March 2007 George Corscadden was from a family of Early Modern Ireland 1536-1691 farmers in County Donegal, Ireland, Peace and war (part two), The reckoning by Andrew Rawnsley, The Guardian, 8 April 2007 who descended from Ulster-Scots settlers who took their name from Garscadden, now part of Glasgow. The Blair family was often taken on holiday to Rossnowlagh, a beach resort near Hazel's hometown of Ballyshannon which is the venue of the main Orange order parade in the Republic of Ireland. An Orange day out in the Republic, Dominic Casciani, BBC News, 9 July 2001 Tony Blair has one elder brother, William Blair (barrister), who is a barrister and a Queen's Counsel, and a younger sister, Sarah. Blair spent the first 19 months of his life at the family home in Paisley Terrace in the Willowbrae area of Edinburgh. During this period his father worked as a junior tax inspector whilst also studying for a law degree from the University of Edinburgh. His family spent three and a half years in the 1950s living in Adelaide, Australia, where his father was a lecturer in law at the University of Adelaide. The Blairs lived close to the university, in the suburb of Dulwich, South Australia.
The family returned to Britain in the late 1950s, living for a time with Hazel Blair's stepfather William McClay and her mother at their home in Stepps, near Glasgow. He spent the remainder of his childhood in Durham, England, his father being by then a lecturer at Durham University. After attending Durham's Chorister School from 1961 to 1966,http://www.thechoristerschool.com/alumni/rollcall.php Blair boarded at Fettes College, a notable independent school in Edinburgh, where he met Charles Falconer, Baron Falconer of Thoroton (a pupil at the rival Edinburgh Academy), whom he later appointed Lord Chancellor. He reportedly modelled himself on Mick Jagger.Victoria Powell, "Tony Blair absolutely modelled himself on Mick Jagger", The Guardian, January 6, 2006 His teachers were unimpressed with him: his biographer, John Rentoul reported that "All the teachers I spoke to when researching the book said he was a complete pain in the backside, and they were very glad to see the back of him."http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1114&id=841072004 Blair was arrested at Fettes, having being mistaken for a burglar as he climbed into his dormitory using a ladder, after being out late.
QCAfter Fettes, Blair spent a year in London, where he attempted to find fame as a rock music promoter, before going up to the University of Oxford to reading (for degree) jurisprudence at St John's College, Oxford. As a student, he played guitar and sang for a rock band called Ugly Rumours (band). During this time, he dated future American Psycho director Mary Harron.{{cite web], Blair became a member of Lincoln's Inn, enrolled as a pupil barrister and met his future wife, Cherie Blair (daughter of the actor Antony Booth) at the Chambers (law) founded by Derry Irvine, Baron Irvine of Lairg (who was to be Blair's first Lord Chancellor), 11 King's Bench Walk Chambers. His biographer Rentoul records that, according to his lawyer friends, Blair was much less concerned about which party he was affiliated with than about his aim of becoming Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Blair married Booth, a practising Roman Catholic Church and future Queen's Counsel, on 29 March 1980. They have four children (Euan Blair, Nicky Blair, Kathryn Blair and Leo Blair). Leo (born 20 May 2000) was the first legitimate child born to a serving Prime Minister in over 150 years, since Francis Russell was born to John Russell, 1st Earl Russell on 11 July 1849.
Although the Blairs stated that they had wished to shield their children from the media, Euan and Nicky's education was a cause of political controversy. They both attended the Roman Catholic London Oratory School, criticised by left-wingers for its selection procedures, instead of a poorly-performing Roman Catholic school in Labour-controlled London Borough of Islington, where they then lived, in Richmond Avenue. There was further criticism when it was revealed that Euan received private coaching from staff from Westminster School.
Early political career
Blair joined the Labour Party (UK) shortly after graduating from Oxford in 1975. During the early 1980s, he was involved in Labour politics in Hackney South and Shoreditch (UK Parliament constituency), where he aligned himself with the "soft left" of the party. He unsuccessfully attempted to secure selection as a candidate for London Borough of Hackney. Through his father-in-law, the actor Anthony Booth, he contacted Labour MP Tom Pendry to ask for help in pursuing a Parliamentary career. Pendry gave him a tour of the House of Commons and advised him to stand for selection as a candidate in the forthcoming by-election in the safe Conservative Party (UK) seat of Beaconsfield (UK Parliament constituency), where Pendry knew a senior member of the local party. Blair was chosen as the candidate; at the Beaconsfield by-election, 1982 he won only 10% of the vote and lost his deposit, but he impressed Labour Party leader Michael Foot and acquired a profile within the party. In contrast to his later centrism, Blair described himself in this period as a Socialism. A letter that he wrote to Foot in July 1982, eventually published in June 2006, gives an indication of his outlook at this time.
In 1983 Blair found that the newly created constituency of Sedgefield (UK Parliament constituency), a notionally safe Labour seat near where he had grown up in Durham, had no Labour candidate. Several sitting MPs displaced by boundary changes were interested in securing selection to fight the seat. He found a branch that had not made a nomination and arranged to visit them. With the crucial support of John Burton (Political Agent), he won their endorsement; at the last minute he was added to the shortlist and won the selection over displaced sitting MP Les Huckfield. Burton later became his agent and one of his most trusted and longest-standing allies.
Blair's election literature in the United Kingdom general election, 1983 endorsed left-wing policies that the Labour Party advocated in the early 1980s. He called for Britain to leave the European Union, though he had told his selection conference that he personally favoured continuing membership. He also supported Nuclear disarmament as a member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Blair was helped on the campaign trail by soap opera actress Pat Phoenix, his father-in-law's girlfriend. Tony Blair was elected as MP for Sedgefield, despite the party's national landslide defeat.
Blair stated in his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 6 July 1983: "I am a socialist not through reading a textbook that has caught my intellectual fancy, nor through unthinking tradition, but because I believe that, at its best, socialism corresponds most closely to an existence that is both rational and moral. It stands for cooperation, not confrontation; for fellowship, not fear. It stands for equality". The Labour Party is declared in its constitution to be a Democratic socialism party, rather than a social democratic party—Blair himself organized this declaration of Labour to be a Socialist Party when he dealt with the change to the party's Clause IV in their constitution.
In opposition
Once elected, Blair's ascent was rapid, and he received his first front bench appointment in 1984 as assistant Treasury spokesman. In May 1985 he appeared on BBC's Question Time arguing that the Conservative Government's Public Order White Paper was a threat to civil liberties.http://open.bbc.co.uk/catalogue/infax/programme/LCAQ520E BBC Archive]Blair demanded an inquiry into the Bank of England's decision to rescue the collapsed Johnson Matthey Bank in 1985, and embarrassed the government by finding a European Economic Community report critical of British economic policy that had been countersigned by a member of the Conservative government. By this time Blair was aligned with the reforming tendencies in the party, headed by leader Neil Kinnock, and was promoted after the United Kingdom general election, 1987 to the shadow Trade and Industry team as spokesman on the City of London. In 1987, he stood for election to the Shadow Cabinet, with a good show of 77 votes.
After the Black Monday (1987), Blair raised his profile further when he castigated City traders as "incompetent" and "morally dubious," and criticised poor service for small investors at the London Stock Exchange. In 1988 Blair entered the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Energy and the following year he became Shadow Employment Secretary. In this post he realised that the Labour Party's support for the emerging European "Social Charter" policies on Labour and employment law meant dropping the party's traditional support for closed shop arrangements, whereby employers required all their employees to be members of a trade union. He announced this change in December 1989, outraging the left wing of the Labour Party. As a young and telegenic Shadow Cabinet member, Blair was given prominence by the party's Director of Communications, Peter Mandelson. He gave his first major platform speech at the 1990 Labour Party (UK) Conference.
In the run-up to the United Kingdom general election, 1992, Blair worked to modernise Labour's image. He had responsibility for developing the controversial minimum wage policy.
When Neil Kinnock resigned as party leader after Labour's fourth successive electoral defeat, Blair became Shadow Home Secretary under John Smith (UK politician). The Labour Party at this time was widely perceived as weak on crime and Blair worked to change this, accepting that the prison population might have to rise, and bemoaning the loss of a sense of community, which he was prepared to blame (at least partly) on "1960s liberalism". On the other hand, he spoke in support of equalising the age of consent for gay sex at 16, and opposed capital punishment. He defined his policy, in a phrase coined by Gordon Brown, as "Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime".
In 1993, while still Shadow Home Secretary, Blair attended the annual invitation-only Bilderberg conference.
John Smith died suddenly in 1994 of a myocardial infarction. Blair beat John Prescott and Margaret Beckett in the Labour Party (UK) leadership election, 1994. After becoming Leader of the Opposition (UK), Blair was, as is customary for the holder of that office, appointed a Privy Council of the United Kingdom, which permitted him to be Style (manner of address) with the style "The Right Honourable".
Leader of the Labour Party
manifesto Blair announced at the end of his speech at the 1994 Labour Party conference that he intended to replace Clause IV of the party's constitution with a new statement of aims and values. This involved the deletion of the party's stated commitment to 'the common ownership of the means of production and exchange', which was widely interpreted as referring to wholesale nationalization. The clause was replaced by a statement that the party is one of democratic socialism. A special conference approved this highly symbolic change in April 1995.
Blair also revised party policy in a manner that enhanced the image of Labour as competent and modern using the term "New Labour" to distinguish the party from its past. Although the transformation aroused much criticism (its alleged superficiality drawing fire both from political opponents and traditionalists within the "rank and file" of his own party), it was nevertheless successful in changing public perception. At the 1996 Labour Party conference, Blair stated that his three top priorities on coming to office were "education, education and education".Aided by the unpopularity of John Major's Conservative government (itself deeply divided over the European Union), "New Labour" won a landslide victory in the United Kingdom general election, 1997 with Blair the youngest person to attain the office of Prime Minister since Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool in 1812.
Blair as Prime Minister
Blair became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on 2 May 1997, serving concurrently as the First Lord of the Treasury, the Minister for the Civil Service, the Labour Party (UK), and Member of Parliament for the constituency of Sedgefield (UK Parliament constituency) in the North East England of England and a Privy Council of the United Kingdom. With victories in 1997, United Kingdom general election, 2001, and 2005, Blair was the Labour Party's longest-serving prime minister, the only person to lead the party to three consecutive general election victories. in 1998Blair is both credited with and criticised for moving the Labour Party towards the Political centre of British politics, using the term "Labour Party (UK)#New Labour" to distinguish his pro-free market policies from the more Collectivism policies which the party had espoused in the past.
In domestic government policy, Blair significantly increased Public finance on health and education while also introducing controversial market-based reforms in these areas. Blair's tenure also saw the introduction of a National Minimum Wage, tuition fees for higher education, and Constitutional amendment such as devolution in Scotland and Wales. The British economy performed well, and Blair kept to Conservative commitments not to increase income tax, although he did introduce a large number of subtle tax increases referred to as stealth taxes by his opponents.
His contribution towards assisting the Northern Ireland Peace Process by helping to negotiate the Good Friday Agreement after 30 years of conflict was widely recognised.BBC News Archive, "1998: Northern Ireland peace deal reached"Philip Stephens, "Blair’s remarkable record", Financial Times, May 10, 2007From the start of the War on Terror in 2001, Blair strongly supported Foreign relations of the United States, notably by participating in the invasions of War in Afghanistan (2001–present) in 2001 and 2003 invasion of Iraq in 2003. He encountered fierce criticism as a result, over the policy itself and the circumstances in which it was decided upon, especially his claims that Iraq was developing weapons of mass destruction (which have not been discovered in Iraq). For his unwavering support in the security of the United States, Mr. Blair was honored with the Congressional Medal of Honor on July 18th, 2003.
Following pressure from the Labour Party, on 7 September 2006 Blair publicly stated he would step down as party leader by the time of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) conference which was held from 10 September 2007 – 13 September 2007, having promised to serve a full term during the previous general election campaign.
Relationship with Parliament
Blair changed Parliamentary procedures significantly. One of his first acts as Prime Minister was to replace the then twice-weekly 15 minute sessions of Prime Minister's Questions, held on a Tuesday and Thursday, with a single 30 minute session on a Wednesday. This reform was said to have led to greater efficiency, but critics have noted that it is easier to prepare for one long set of questions than for two shorter sessions. In addition to PMQ's, Blair held monthly press conferences, at which he fielded questions from journalists.
Other procedural reforms included changing the official times for Parliamentary sessions in order to have Parliament operate in a more business-like manner.
Resignation
On 10 May 2007, Blair announced during a speech at the Trimdon Labour Club in his Sedgefield (UK Parliament constituency) constituency his intention to resign as both Labour Party leader and Prime Minister the following June. On June 24 he formally handed over the leadership of the Labour Party to Gordon Brown at a special party conference in Manchester. Blair tendered his resignation as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to the Queen on 27 June 2007, his successor Gordon Brown assuming office the same afternoon. He also resigned his seat in the House of Commons in the traditional form of accepting the Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds to which he was appointed by Gordon Brown in one of the latter's last acts as Chancellor of the Exchequer. (It is impossible to resign from the UK Parliament, so this device is used for MPs wishing to step down.)
The resulting Sedgefield by-election, 2007 was won by Labour's candidate, Phil Wilson (politician). Blair has not to date issued a list of Resignation Honours; it has been suggested that the list was delayed because of the Cash for Honours investigation by the police. However, that investigation has now ended and no list has been produced; should Blair choose not to issue one he will be the first Prime Minister of the modern era not to do so. Blair misses deadline for resignation honours The Guardian, 22 June 2007
Post Prime Ministerial career
On 27 June, 2007, after he officially resigned as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after ten years in office, Tony Blair was officially confirmed as Middle East Diplomacy for the United Nations, European Union, United States and Russia. Blair originally indicated that he would retain his parliamentary seat after his resignation as Prime Minister came into effect; however, he left the Commons on being confirmed for the Middle East role. BBC News web site, retrieved 20:50 BST, 26 June 2007
President George W. Bush had preliminary talks with Blair to ask him to take up the envoy role. White House sources stated that "both Israel and the Palestinians had signed up to the proposal."
Blair in the media
Tony Blair is acknowledged by most to be a highly skilful media performer who comes over as charismatic, informal and articulate. A few months after becoming Prime Minister he gave a tribute to Diana, Princess of Wales on the morning of her death in August 1997, in which he famously described her as "the People's Princess".
After taking office in 1997, Blair gave particular prominence to his press secretary, who became known as the Prime Minister's Official Spokesman (the two roles have since been separated). Blair's first PMOS was Alastair Campbell, who served in that role from May 1997 to 8 June 2001, after which he served as the Prime Minister's Director of Communications and Strategy until his resignation on 29 August 2003 in the aftermath of the Hutton Inquiry. Campbell acquired a reputation as a sinister and Machiavellian figure, and both Blair and Campbell have frequently been criticised or satire for their allegedly excessive use of "spin" and Managing the news techniques (see below under Criticism).
Blair and Gordon Brown
After the death of John Smith (UK politician) in 1994, both Blair and Gordon Brown were viewed as possible candidates for the leadership of the Labour Party. They had agreed that they would not stand against each other, and Brown had previously been considered to be the more senior of the two men and he understood this to mean that Blair would give way to him. It soon became apparent, however, that Blair had greater public support.A MORI opinion poll published in the The Sunday Times (UK) on 15 May found that among the general public, Blair had the support of 32%, John Prescott, 19%, Margaret Beckett 14%, Gordon Brown 9%, and Robin Cook 5%. This gave rise to the alleged Blair-Brown deal. At certain times, Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott has reportedly acted as their "marriage guidance counsellor".
Blair's religious faith
Blair has rarely discussed his Faith in public, but he is often identified as an Anglo-Catholic—that is, a member of the high church branch of the Church of England, sympathetic to the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. His wife Cherie Blair is a practising Roman Catholic, and Blair has attended Catholic Masses at Westminster Cathedral, while on holiday in Italy, and with his family at Number 10 Downing Street. In 1996, he was reprimanded by Basil Cardinal Hume for receiving Holy Communion at Mass despite not being a Roman Catholic, a contravention of Catholic Canon Law.Alexander Chancellor, "Blair doesn't need intermediaries to communicate with God. So why does he want to become a Catholic?", The Guardian, Friday May 18, 2007 More recently, biographers and journalists have reported that Blair declared himself a Roman Catholic after leaving Downing Street, without undertaking a formal course of instruction from a Catholic priest. He informed Pope Benedict XVI on June 23 2007 that he wants to become Catholic. The Pope and his advisors criticized some of Blair's political actions, but followed up with a reportedly unprecedented red-carpet welcome that included Archbishop of Westminster Cormac Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor, who will be responsible for Blair's Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults.Francis Beckett and David Hencke, The Blairs and Their Court, 2004, Aurum Press Ltd, ISBN 978-1845130244Francis Beckett and David Hencke, The Survivor: Tony Blair in War and Peace, 2005, Aurum Press Ltd, ISBN 978-1845131104Francis Beckett and David Hencke, "Regular at mass, communion from Pope. So why is Blair evasive about his faith?",The Guardian, September 28 2004Ruth Gledhill, Jeremy Austin and Philip Webster, "Blair will be welcomed into Catholic fold via his 'baptism of desire'", The Times, May 17 2007John Hooper, "Blair tells Pope: Now I'm ready to become a Catholic", The Guardian, Sunday June 24, 2007
In an interview with Michael Parkinson broadcast on ITV1 on 4 March 2006, Blair referred to the role of his Christianity in his decision to go to war in Iraq, stating that he had prayer about the issue, and saying that God would judge him for his decision: "I think if you have faith about these things, you realise that judgement is made by other people … and if you believe in God, it's made by God as well."
A longer exploration of his faith can be found in an interview he did with Third Way Magazine. He says there that 'I was brought up as Christian, but I was not in any real sense a practising one until I went to Oxford. There was an Australian priest at the same college as me who got me interested again. In a sense, it was a rediscovery of religion as something living, that was about the world around me rather than some sort of special one-to-one relationship with a remote Being on high. Suddenly I began to see its social relevance. I began to make sense of the world'.http://www.thirdway.org.uk/past/showpage.asp?page=43 The death of Blair's mother Hazel in 1975 is said to have greatly affected him and prompted his renewed spiritual commitment whilst at Oxford.
These comments prompted a number of questions on Blair's faith. At one point Alastair Campbell, Blair's director of strategy and communications, intervened in an interview, preventing the Prime Minister from answering a question about his Christianity, explaining, "We don't do God". Campbell interrupted Blair as he spoke of his faith: 'We don't do God', The Daily Telegraph, 3 May 2003
Political overview
The Labour Party is historically a socialism political party. In 2001, Tony Blair said, "We are a left of centre party, pursuing economic prosperity and social justice as partners and not as opposites".Polly Toynbee, Michael White and Patrick Wintour "We're a left-of-centre party pursuing prosperity and social justice", The Guardian, September 11, 2001Blair has rarely applied such labels to himself, but he promised before the 1997 election that New Labour would govern "from the radical centre", and according to one lifelong Labour Party member, has always described himself as a Social democracy. "The Death of Socialism", May 17, 2007 However, Labour Party backbenchers and other left wing critics typically place Blair to the right of centre.Neal Lawson, "A decade of Blair has left the Labour party on its knees", The Guardian, April 19, 2007 A YouGov opinion poll in 2005 also found that a small majority of British voters, including many New Labour supporters, place Blair on the right of the political spectrum.YouGov UK Polling Report, Left vs Right, September 23, 2005Peter Kellner, "What's left of the Labour leader?", New Stateman, October 28, 2002 The Financial Times on the other hand has argued that Blair is not conservative, but instead a populist. "Why Blair was no conservative", Financial Times, May 18, 2007
Critics and admirers tend to agree that Blair's electoral success was based on his ability to occupy the centre ground and appeal to voters across the political spectrum, to the extent that he has been fundamentally at odds with traditional Labour Party values.Steve Richards, "Blair the politician: A conjuror who lost touch with his party", The Belfast Telegraph, May 11, 2007 Some left wing critics have argued that Blair has overseen the final stage of a long term shift of the Labour Party to the right, and that very little now remains of a Labour Left.Mike Marquesee, "Labour's long march to the right", International Socialism, Issue 91, Summer 2001Charlie Kimber, "Can the left reclaim the Labour Party?", Socialist Worker, August 2, 2002 There is also evidence that Blair's long term dominance of the centre has forced his Conservative opponents to shift a long distance to the left, in order to challenge his hegemony there.Mark Rice-Oxley, "Tony Blair's decade of peace and war", The Christian Science Monitor, May 11, 2007Alan Cowell, "Tory leader urges British opposition to stake out 'center ground'", International Herald Tribune, October 1, 2006
Blair has raised taxes; implemented redistributive policies; introduced a minimum wage and some new employment rights (while keeping Margaret Thatcher's trade union legislation); introduced significant constitutional reforms (which remain incomplete and controversial); promoted new rights for gay people in the Civil Partnership Act 2004; and signed treaties integrating Britain more closely with the EU. He introduced substantial Market economy reforms in the education and health sectors; introduced student tuition fees (also controversial); sought to reduce certain categories of welfare payments; and introduced tough Counter-terrorism and Identity document legislation.
Criticism
Tony Blair has been criticised for his alliance with U.S. President George W. Bush and his policies in the Middle East, including the Iraq War, the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.Peter Watt, "The 'Complex' Issue of 'Humanitarian' Intervention", ZNet, August 06, 2006 Blair is also criticised for an alleged tendency to Spin (political) important information in a way that can be misleading. "Blair's spin is the porn of politics, says Major", The Telegraph, October 24, 2003 Blair is the first ever Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to have been formally questioned by police officers whilst in office, although he was not under caution when interviewed. "Blair questioned in honours probe", BBC News, December 14, 2006
Critics also regard Tony Blair as having eroded civil liberties and increased social authoritarianism, by increasing police powers, in the form of more arrestable offences, DNA recording, and the issuing of dispersal orders.Jon Silverman, Legal affairs analyst, "Blair's new look civil liberties", BBC News, May 14, 2007
Presidentialism
Blair was sometimes perceived as paying insufficient attention both to the views of his own Cabinet colleagues and to those of the British House of Commons.Ian Kershaw, "How will history judge Blair?", BBC News, May 10, 2007. His style was sometimes criticised as not that of a prime minister and head of government, which he was, but of a president and Head of State, which he was not.Timothy Garton Ash, "President Blair : Americans love our leader but may cause his downfall", The Guardian, July 24, 2003
Relationship with the United States
shake hands after their press conference in the East Room of the White House on 12 November 2004.Along with enjoying a close relationship with Bill Clinton during the latter's time in office, Blair has formed a strong political alliance with George W. Bush, particularly in the area of foreign policy. At one point, Nelson Mandela described Blair as "the U.S. foreign minister". Blair has also often openly been referred to as "Bush's poodle." Kendall Myers, a senior analyst at the United States Department of State, reportedly said that he felt "a little ashamed" of Bush's treatment of the Prime Minister and that his attempts to influence Federal government of the United States policy were typically ignored—"It was a done deal from the beginning, it was a one-sided relationship that was entered into with open eyes... There was nothing, no payback, no sense of reciprocity".
For his part, Bush has lauded Blair and the UK. In his post-September 11, 2001 attacks speech, for example, he stated that "America has no truer friend than Great Britain". President Declares "Freedom at War with Fear"
The alliance between Bush and Blair has seriously damaged Blair's standing in the eyes of many Britons. Guardian/ICM poll finds strong public opposition to Tony Blair's close working relationship with President Bush Blair has argued it is in Britain's interest to "protect and strengthen the bond" with the United States regardless of who is in the White House.
Relationship with other European nations
Blair played a key role in extending the membership of the European Union from 15 to 27 states, and worked to ensure that free-market values were adopted.Anthony Seldon, "How will history judge Blair?", BBC News, May 10, 2007.
Blair forged allegiances with several conservative European leaders, including Silvio Berlusconi of Italy,BBC News, "Blair attacked over right-wing EU links", 15 March, 2002 Angela Merkel of GermanyEd Vulliamy, "By their friends shall we know the Sultans of Bling : Blair's relationships with Berlusconi, Bush and Murdoch have defined his premiership. Now Merkel is to join the trio", The Guardian, October 27, 2005 and more recently Nicolas Sarkozy of France.Martin Kettle, "Why Ségo and Sarko have transfixed the British left", The Guardian, April 28, 2007
Relationship with Rupert Murdoch
Tony Blair's close relationship with Rupert Murdoch and the unprecedented support which he received from Murdoch's global media empire has also been the subject of much criticism.Gaby Hinsliff, "The PM, the mogul and the secret agenda", The Observer, July 23, 2006Michael White, "Blair risks 'poodle' jibes to join Murdoch's jamboree", The Guardian, July 29, 2006
Middle East policy and links with Israel
One of Blair's first actions in joining the Labour Party was to join Labour Friends of Israel. In 1994, a friend and former colleague of Blair at 11 King's Bench Walk Chambers, Eldred Tabachnik, Q.C. (one time president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews) introduced Blair to Michael Levy, Baron Levy, a pop music mogul and major fundraiser for Jewish and Israeli causes, at a dinner party hosted by the Israeli diplomat Gideon Meir. Blair and Levy soon became close friends and tennis partners. Levy ran the Labour Leader's Office Fund to finance Blair's campaign before the 1997 General Election and received substantial contributions from such figures as Alex Bernstein and Robert Gavron, both of whom were ennobled by Blair after he came to power. Levy was created a life peer by Blair in 1997, and in 2002, just prior to the Iraq War, Blair appointed Levy as his personal envoy to the Middle East. Levy has praised Blair for his "solid and committed support of the State of Israel" Jewish Care, Fundraising Dinner 2006 and has been described himself as "a leading international Zionist". In 2004, Blair was heavily criticised by 50 former diplomats, including ambassadors to Baghdad and Tel Aviv for his policy on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Iraq War. They stated they had "watched with deepening concern" at Britain following the U.S. into war in Iraq in 2003 also stating, "We feel the time has come to make our anxieties public, in the hope that they will be addressed in parliament and will lead to a fundamental reassessment," and asked Blair to exert "real influence as a loyal ally". The ambassadors also accused the allies of having "no effective plan" for the aftermath of the invasion of Iraq and the apparent disregard for the lives of Iraqi civilians. The diplomats also criticised Blair for his support for the Road map for peace which included the retaining of Israeli settlement on the West Bank stating, "Our dismay at this backward step is heightened by the fact that you yourself seem to have endorsed it, abandoning the principles which for nearly four decades have guided international efforts to restore peace in the Holy Land". Diplomats attack Blair's Israel policy, Guardian Unlimited, Matthew Tempest, April 26, 2004
In 2006, Blair was heavily criticised for his failure to call for a ceasefire in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, with members of his cabinet openly criticising Israel. Jack Straw (politician), the Leader of the House of Commons and former Foreign Secretary stated that Israel's actions risked destabilising all of Lebanon. Kim Howells, a minister in the Foreign Office, stated that it was "very difficult to understand the kind of military tactics used by Israel", "These are not surgical strikes but have instead caused death and misery amongst innocent civilians.". The Observer newspaper claimed that at a cabinet meeting before Blair left for a summit with President George Bush on 28 July 2006, a significant number of ministers pressured Blair to publicly criticise Israel over the scale of deaths and destruction in Lebanon. Cabinet in open revolt over Blair's Israel policy, The Observer, 30 July 2006
Relationship with Labour Party
Blair's apparent refusal to set a date for his departure was criticised by the British press and Members of Parliament. It has been reported that a number of cabinet ministers believed that Blair's timely departure from office would be required to be able to win a fourth election. Some ministers viewed Blair's announcement of policy initiatives in September 2006 as an attempt to draw attention away from these issues. Upon his return from his holiday in Caribbean he announced that all the speculation about his leaving must stop. This stirred not only his traditional critics but also traditional party loyalists.
While the Blair government has introduced social policies supported by the left of the Labour Party, such as the minimum wage and measures to reduce Poverty, Blair is seen on economic and management issues as being to the right of much of the party. A possible comparison may be made with United States of America Democratic Party (United States) such as Joe Lieberman, who have been accused by their party's "base" of adopting their opponents' political stances. Some critics describe Blair as a reconstructed neoconservative or Margaret Thatcher. He is occasionally described as "Son of Thatcher", though Margaret Thatcher herself rejected this identification in an interview with ITV1 on the night of the UK general election, 2005, saying that in her opinion the resemblances were superficial. Blair himself has often expressed admiration for Thatcher. Life without Margaret Thatcher, Didcock, Barry, The Sunday Herald, February 13 2005
Approval rating
In May 2006, The Daily Telegraph reported that Blair's personal approval rating had dipped to 26%, lower than Harold Wilson's rating after devaluation of the pound and James Callaghan's during the Winter of Discontent, meaning that Blair had become the most unpopular post-war Labour Prime Minister. Of all post-war List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom of both parties, only Margaret Thatcher and John Major have recorded lower approval (the former in the aftermath of the Poll Tax Riots). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/05/10/nlab10.xml Previously Blair had achieved the highest approval ratings of any British Prime Minister or party leader of either party in the months following his election in 1997. Two months later, in July 2006, Blair's approval rating hit a further low of 23%, the lowest rating he ever received. Blair is not however the most unpopular post-war Labour Party leader, with Michael Foot recording 13% approval in August 1982, although Foot was merely Leader of the Opposition at the time, rather than Prime Minister. No other Labour leader other than Foot, whether in office or opposition, has recorded lower approval than Blair. Blair's approval rating during the final month of his premiership was 35%. Hence, he left office having experienced the extremes of being both the most popular and least popular Labour Prime Minister since the Second World War.http://www.ipsos-mori.com/polls/trends/satisfac.shtml
Titles and honours
Styles from birth
- Anthony Charles Lynton Blair, (1953–1983)
- Anthony Charles Lynton Blair, Esquire#United Kingdom, MP (1983–1994)
- The Right Honourable Anthony Charles Lynton Blair, MP (1994–2007)
- The Rt Hon Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (2007–)
Honours
- Privy Council of the United Kingdom (1994)
Portrayals
- Michael Sheen has portrayed Blair twice in the films The Deal (2003 film) (2003) and The Queen (film) (2006).
- Tony Blair made a cameo appearance as himself
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